The Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy recently released a报告详细介绍了185个国家 /地区的饮食趋势。使用来自全球饮食数据库这项研究表明，在过去的三十年中，全球饮食质量的改善有限，但突出了营养需求的重要区域差异。
According to the report, the world’s average Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) score is about 40 out of 100 as of 2018, with 0 being the least healthy and 100 being the most healthy. “That would be a failing grade,” Dariush Mozaffarian, co-author and Dean for Policy and Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition at the Friedman School, tells Food Tank. Just ten countries had scores over 50, with average scores greatest in South Asia. “Dietary quality overall is not high,” he says.
A high AHEI score represents greater consumption of non-starchy vegetables, fruits, legumes/nuts, whole grains, good fats, and seafood and plant proteins. A low score represents a poor intake of these food groups and a higher consumption of unhealthy options, such as foods high in sodium, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and red and processed meat.
报告称，从1990年到2018年，平均全球AHEI得分提高了1.5，这是“适度”的改进。大多数地区经历了越来越多的趋势，撒哈拉以南非洲的饮食质量下降。
值得注意的是，“世界上没有一种营养或食物问题，” Mozaffarian告诉食品坦克。w88优德老虎机平台由于许多“不同地方的不同原因”，总体饮食很差。
High income countries, including the United States, have increased their consumption of healthy food groups. But the U.S. has not drastically reduced consumption of SSBs and other unhealthy foods. In contrast, the starchy staples and more uniform diets of low income countries means there is generally a lower consumption of unhealthy foods, but there is also an “insufficient intake of healthy foods,” Mozaffarian points out. Latin America and many East Asian countries are also seeing a substantial increase in red and processed meat over time.
在控制人口统计学因素的情况下，该研究发现，与青少年相比，在2018年，婴儿和年幼的孩子的平均AHEI评分通常最高。从婴儿期到儿童期和成年初期，收入较高的国家的饮食质量急剧下降。相比之下，撒哈拉以南非洲的不同年龄段的得分相对稳定。
Education can also affect diet quality, the report shows, but the links between education and diet are not uniform. “In many places more educated adults have substantially healthier diets, but in some places there’s not a big difference by education,” Mozaffarian tells Food Tank. Areas where education had a significant impact on the consumption of healthier foods include Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, and Latin America.
Likewise, living in cities matters in some regions more than others. Urban dwellers in the Middle East tend to have poorer diets than rural people, whereas urban people in East Asia typically have a higher diet quality.
“I think these details are really important,” Mozaffarian告诉食品坦克w88优德老虎机平台。理解特定于地区的问题有助于指导更好，较少的概括政策。他说，考虑到不同国家的各种需求，公共卫生运动可能更加“周到”和“想象力”。
“In five or six Latin American countries black box warning label systems have been created on added sugar and salt,” Mozaffarian explains. But these warnings do not tackle the high red meat consumption in this area or address the need for more vegetables, fruits, and other healthy foods in people’s diet.
迫切需要更有效的营养政策。Mozaffarian告诉食品坦克，“饮食不良是世界上健康状况不佳的主要原因，”报告显示，可预防的死亡的26％是由于饮食不足引起的。w88优德老虎机平台“所有政策都必须认真对待食物和营养。”
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照片礼貌Ella Olsson，Unsplash
