Photo礼貌农作物信任。
在1970年代初,wild保存了表弟,米, from the devastating草丛特技病毒。今天,全球合作伙伴关系managed by农作物信任和theMillennium Seedbank at Kew正在扩大十年的努力分类,保存和制备主要作物的其他野生表亲的遗传学,称为crop wild relatives(CWRS),鉴于对农业的压力增加,包括气候变化和人口增长。
水稻病毒的总损害相当于2017年美元超过25亿美元和at least 116,000 hectares据(287,000英亩)摧毁的稻田在停止之前。International Rice Research Institute(Irri)。Irri的科学家通过筛查近7,000种现代大米和大米CWRS以抵抗病毒,对爆发做出了反应。They found only one那是抗性的:Oryza nivara,印度北方邦原产的稻米CWR。到1988年,Irri报告了more than 30 million hectares(7400万英亩)在30个国家 /地区种植了各种抗病毒的大米,这些水稻繁殖以包含来自的基因Oryza nivara.
相比之下,1840年代的科学家还不知道马铃薯CWRS含有抗性基因疾病触发了爱尔兰土豆饥荒,因此无法及时做出回应,以挽救死于饥饿和相关原因的100万爱尔兰人。
Estimates of the economic value of crop wild relatives vary widely,but the business services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers put the total potential value of the future use of wild genepools of 32 major global crops atup to US$196 billion。同时,超过五分之一的植物物种全球受到灭绝的威胁压力增加from wars, pollution, urbanization,气候变化, the intensification of agriculture, and invasive species, according to the皇家植物园,基。
“It’s now clear that scientists around the world are in a race against time to collect and conserve many of the most important plant species for future food security,”说NoraCastañeda-álvarez博士, a scientist at The Crop Trust.
农作物信托基金会,基德的千年种子银行及其合作伙伴正在通过确定世界CWRS收藏的差距,在全球范围内面对这一问题,supporting the collecting efforts填补这些空白的24个国家计划,并与40多个机构合作develop pre-breeding materials这将有助于使农作物适应不断变化的气候。
Castañeda-álvarez是一支出版的国际团队的一部分a study in 2016表明95%的CWR在世界的Genebanks中不足。Genebanksare collections of samples of crops and CWRs around the world designed to make genetic resources available cheaply and effectively for the long term. Crops for which CWRs are in “urgent need of collection and conservation” include banana, sweet potato, carrot, pineapple, and spinach. Even collections for CWRs of some vital staples like rice, wheat, potato, and maize show “significant gaps.” The team found that 29 percent of the CWRs for 81 of the world’s most important crops are completely missing from the world’s genebanks.
由于CWR遗传材料对世界各地的农业系统具有价值,因此CWR合作伙伴关系的成员可确保根据收集和开发的材料在International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agricultureto ensure international access. Breeders and farmers around the worldcan obtain and work with材料管理于任何一个144 countries只要他们同意制造自由开发的品种,或者,如果他们开发商业产品,就可以将一定比例的利润支付给福利分享基金,这就是条约的一方。
Luis Salazar作物信托基金会的传播经理解释说:“我们生活在一个相互依存的世界中。我们所有人都吃了相同的基本主食,因此每个人的责任也有责任确保我们保护农作物的多样性,这是我们粮食安全的基础。”
为了使CWR可能显示的弹性特征可供育种者合作,CWR Partnership已开始pre-breedingprojects focused on 19高优先级农作物。繁殖前的过程旨在隔离所需的遗传特征,并将其引入更容易与现代品种交叉的繁殖线。
选择小扁豆for pre-breeding because they fix their own nitrogen and are the main source of protein in many diets that are low in meat but face an “extreme” genetic bottleneck and are suffering from droughts and fungus in production centers like Turkey and Canada.萝卜是一种富含维生素的,可存储的高价值农作物,在高压力生长条件下,例如孟加拉国的盐水和巴基斯坦更常规的热浪波动中的产量差距很大。Sweet potatoplants grow fast, need little input and labor, produce more energy per land area than any other food crop, and have served as a vital famine relief crop in countries from Mozambique to Japan.
随着气候变化和其他压力的严重性继续增加,CWR项目的工作价值只会变得更加紧迫,according to玛丽·哈加(Marie Haga),作物信托执行董事。她最近告诉食品坦克w88优德老虎机平台,“过去和现在农民种植的物种和品种的惊人范围是世界上最有价值的自然资源之一。它代表了植物育种者和农民对明天的气候硫化作物所需的原材料。 When we lose this diversity, we lose our options for the future.”
例如,构成香蕉品种的子群99%的香蕉出口derives from一种grown by one man in the 1950s that proved resistant to a fungus thatnearly wiped out全球香蕉市场。今天,多个新真菌病原体由于国际运输的效率和由于气候变化引起的降水模式,速度越来越大,因此在世界各地的香蕉种植园中传播。香蕉是世界上最受欢迎的水果,according to联合国食品和农业组织。在里面寻求保存它, The Crop Trust and its partners are转向香蕉cwrs寻求答案。